There are different definitions of the term substance abuse, but for the layman it is best defined as the use of substances with psychoactive or stimulating properties in manners likely to cause harm to the physical or the mental health of the individual concerned. Substance abuse can lead to serious long-term problems and even death, depending on the circumstances and factors involved.

The most obvious example of substance abuse is the abuse of alcohol, a phenomenon common to all societies where alcohol is legally available for consumption. Abuse to the point of addiction is termed ‘alcoholism’ and the most common long-term effect is cirrhosis of the liver, a condition frequently resulting in death. Alcoholism invariably impacts significantly on the families of sufferers.

Since the effects to the health of long-term users are well-documented, tobacco smoking can also be considered substance abuse. Smokers experience withdrawal if deprived of nicotine in the short-term and risk complications such as emphysema, lung cancer, respiratory complaints and arterial disease if the habit is pursued over extended periods.

The use of illegal drugs such as marijuana, amphetamines, cocaine and heroine may all be considered substance abuse since none are without side effects or the potential for damaging health. Though the dangers involved are specific to each drug and some carry considerably more serious risks than others, the common factor between all is that of dependency. Users can develop physical or mental addictions to these illegal substances.

Common household substances such as solvents and adhesives, gas and aerosols, paint and lighter fluid can also be addictive. Inhaling these substances brings the risk of damage to the heart, kidneys, brain, liver and other organs, as well as the possibility of Sudden Sniffing Death Syndrome.

Many countries offer help for substance abusers; this can come in the form of government-funded projects or private assistance such as is available at rehabilitation centers and retreats at popular medical tourism destinations. Many hospitals have programs dedicated to assisting abusers, not only in their withdrawal from substances but also in the treatment of maladies brought on by them.